380 Washington Street   : :   Pikeville, NC 27863   : :   (919) 242-8297

Our Trees

Jericho Farms has over 300 acres of field grown stock ranging from 1 1/2" - 5" trees, and 5' - 12' evergreens, crape myrtles and birch. We also provide container grown trees ranging in sizes from 7 gallon to approximately 200 gallon.

In all, we grow approximately 200 different varieties of ornamentals and our goal is to provide prompt, honest, and quality service to our customers. We feel that the size of our nursery allows us to be more personable, and responsive to the needs of our customers.

Select Plant Type:
Botanical Name     Common Name
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y-Z ALL
Acer buergerianum
Common Name: Maple, Trident

Maple, Trident is a small, round, low spreading tree that has glossy green leaves with pale green undersides. It has orange to red fall color. The new growth is often times a rich bronse color. The bark eventually becomes exfoliating and scaley which...


Acer campestre 'Evelyn'
Common Name: Maple, Queen Elizabeth

Maple, Queen Elizabeth is a smaller growing maple with upright branching and an oval habit. It has dark green foliage turning yellowish in the fall....


Acer ginnala
Common Name: Maple, Amur

Maple, Amur is a small growing tree ar can often be used as a large growing shrub if allowed to grow as a multiple stemmed plant. It is slow growing with a rounded habit. It's foliage is glossy dark green in the summer turning yellowish in the fall....


Acer rubrum
Common Name: Maple, Red

Maple, Red is the native red maple. It grows 40 to 60 feet under cultivation but can reach 100 feet in the wild! This tree often has an irregular ovoid or rounded canopy. It does not always have red fall color but sometimes can actually be yellowish...


Acer rubrum 'Armstrong'
Common Name: Maple, Armstrong

Maple, Armstrong is a fastigate(upright) variety of red maple. It has leaves that are more similar to silver maple than red maple due to the deeply cut sinuses and silvery undersides. This is a good cultivar where a tall but narrow tree is needed, ho...


Acer rubrum 'Brandywine'
Common Name: Maple, Brandywine

Maple, Brandywine has a moderately columnar canopy. it has dark green foliage that turns red in the fall and then a brilliant purple-red as the days get shorter....


Acer rubrum 'Franksred'
Common Name: Maple, Red Sunset

Maple, Red Sunset is one of the best red maple cultivars available. It has excellent fall foliage and colors earlier than other cultivars....


Acer rubrum 'October Glory'
Common Name: Maple, October Glory

Maple, October Glory is the most asked for of the red maple cultivars that we grow. It has a good oval - rounded canopy with lustrous dark green leaves that hold their green color a little longer than other varieties but does eventually turn a brilli...


Acer rubrum 'Summer Red'
Common Name: Maple, Summer Red

Maple, Summer Red is a beautiful red maple variety. This variety exhibits outstanding burgundy red new foliage. Mature foliage is a dark purplish green. The leaf back is silvery white. Leaves have a thick leathery texture. Tree growth is vigorous wit...


Acer rubrum 'Sun Valley'
Common Name: Maple, Sun Valley

Maple, Sun Valley is a red maple variety that grows to 40 feet with an obvate crown. The leaves turn a brilliant red in the fall. This selection is from a cross between 'Red Sunset' and 'Autumn Flame' by the U. S. National Arboretum....


Acer saccharum
Common Name: Maple, Sugar

Maple, Sugar is an upright oval to rounded, slow growing tree. The leaves of Sugar Maple are medium to dark green in summer turning to a brilliant yellow, burnt orange, and limited red coloration in autumn. Sugar Maple is a very stately tree that is ...


Acer saccharum 'Legacy'
Common Name: Maple, Legacy Sugar

Maple, Legacy Sugar is a more heat tolerant variety better suited for the southeast.It is more densely branched than the species with a better distribution of the leaves throughout the canopy. The leaves are a glossy dark green and fairly waxy. The l...


Acer X freemani 'Jeffers Red'
Common Name: Maple, Autumn Blaze

Maple, Autumn Blaze is an upright branching tree with an oval shaped canopy. It has a brilliant orange-red fall color that is rather long lasting. It is a great tree to put the hammock under for a Saturday afternoon nap....


Amelanchier arborea 'Autumn Brilliance'
Common Name: Serviceberry, Auumn Brilliance

Serviceberry, Auumn Brilliance will grow to 20 to 25 feet tall. It has white flowers, edible fruit, persistent leaves and brillient red fall color.We get requests for multiple stemmed as well as single stemmed plants.The plant is a good selection for...


Betula nigra 'BNMTF'
Common Name: Dura Heat® River Birch

Dura-Heat® River Birch is a cultivated variety of the native river birch. The leaves are slightly smaller than those of the species and are a glossy, deep olive green turning to yellow in autumn. The bark exfoliates at an early age and is very l...


Betula nigra 'Cully'
Common Name: Heritage® River Birch

Heritage® River Birch is a cultivated variety of the native river birch that has foliage larger than that of the species. The leaves are glossier dark green but have variable fall color. The bark exfoliates at a young age and is lightly colored ...


Betula nigra 'Summer Cascade'
Common Name: Birch, Summer Cascade

Summer Cascade Birch is a weeping form of our native river birch that has a unique, pendulous habit with graceful, arching branches. Summer Cascade Birch is a good choice for use as a specimen tree or in group plantings....


Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata'
Common Name: Hornbeam, European Fastigiate

Hornbeam, European Fastigiate is an upright to oval shaped growing tree to 40 feet tall. It is probably the most common cultivar of th species being grown today and is a great selection for screening, groupings, use around large buildings, and in pla...


Carpinus caroliniana 'Palisade'
Common Name: Hornbeam, American

Palisade American Hornbeam is a deciduous tree with a broad upright growth habit.It has strongly ascending branches. This is a good selection for naturalizing an area....


Cedrus Deodara
Common Name: Cedar, Deodara

Cedar, Deodora is a large growing, coniferous, evergreen tree with silvery blue, needle foliage. The tree has very graceful pendulous branches. It is a great selection for a specimen tree where there is plenty of open space....


Cercis canadensis
Common Name: Redbud, Eastern

Redbud, Eastern is a small tree with the trunk devided close to the ground forming a wide spreading, flat topped to rounded canopy. It has reddish purple flower buds that open to rose pink in March and April. This plant is a multi-use plant that can ...


Cercis canadensis 'Forest Pansy'
Common Name: Redbud, Forest Pansy

Forest Pansy Redbud ia a smaller growing, deciduous tree whith very handsome, purple, heart shaped leaves and deep rose pink flowers in late winter to early spring. The new growth is a shimmering reddish purple but tends to fade as it matures. This f...


Cercis canadensis sub. texensis 'Oklahoma'
Common Name: Redbud, Oklahoma

Redbud, Oklahoma is a smaller growing form of the eastern redbud and tends to have thicker stems with leathery, lustrous green leaves with a wavy leaf margin. It is a good choice for use in a mixed border, as a specimen tree, and it works well in nat...


Cornus 'Rutgan' PP7207 'Stellar Pink'
Common Name: Dogwood, Stellar Pink

Stellar Pink Dogwood is a small growing deciduous tree with a very vigorous, upright habit. It has blooms that are a delicate shade of pink. The bracts are large and overlap slightly. This is a good choice in a mixed border or as a specimen plant....


Cornus florida
Common Name: Dogwood, White

White flowering dogwood is a native deciduous tree that blooms a flower with 4 three to four inch long white bracts in April to May. Tflower produces a fruit which becomes a beautiful red in th autumn. This is a superb understory tree that is great f...


Cryptomeria japonica 'Yoshino'
Common Name: Cryptomeria, Yoshino

Yoshino Cryptomeria is a handsome, fast growing, evergreen tree with bluish green needled foliage that turns a bit bronze in the winter. This is a good replacement for Leyland Cypress where a fast growing screen is desired. This can also be used as a...


Cupressocyparis X leylandii
Common Name: Leyland Cypress

Leyland Cypress is a fast growing coniferous evergreen growing to 40 feet tall and 10 feet wide. It has a pyramidal habit. This plant has a very rapid growth rate and is widely used as a screening plant. It can also be used as a very stately specimen...


Feijoa sellowiana
Common Name: Pineapple Guava

Pineapple Guava is an evergreen shrub featuring attractive white flowers in May-June, and 1"-3" long,
egg-shaped fruit ripening in late summer-early fall. The fruit taste is similar to that of pineapple, with a taste of spearmint....


Ginkgo biloba
Common Name: Ginkgo / Maidenhair Tree

Ginko is a deciduous tree with unique, fan shaped leaves that are bright green turning a vivid yellow in autumn. Ginko is relatively slow growing and is a good city tree for public parks and other open areas....


Gleditsia triacanthos 'Shademaster'
Common Name: Honeylocust, Shademaster

Shademaster Honeylocust is considered by many horticulturists to be the best cultivar available. It has ascending branches with bright green leaves. This selection produces very few seed pods....


Gleditsia triacanthos 'var. inermis'
Common Name: Honeylocust, Thornless

Thornless Honeylocust is a deciduous tree with glossy bright green, small leaflets that turn yellow in fall. The leaves drop early in the season. Honeylocust usually has a short trunk with an open spreading habit. This is a good selection for home la...


Ilex attenuata 'Fosteri #2'
Common Name: Holly, Foster

Foster Holly is a dense, narrow to conical evergreen with narrow, spiny leaves. Foster Hollies are known to fruit heavily and are a good selection for use as specimens, foundation plantings for large buildings, and as screens....


Ilex cornuta 'Burfordi'
Common Name: Holly, Burfordi

Burford Holly left unchecked can grow to be a large, dense, rounded shrub or tree. It is often field grown or grown in large containers and limbed up to produce a multi-stemmed tree. It produces a magnitude of berries that turn brilliant red in the f...


Ilex opaca 'Greenleaf'
Common Name: Holly, Greenleaf

Greenleaf Holly is a cultivated hybrid of our native American Holly. It is an upright, pyramidal growing plant with spiny, medium green leaves and it produces bright red berries. It is a terriffic choice as a specimen, for planting on corners of larg...


Ilex vomitoria 'pendula'
Common Name: Weeping Yaupon

Weeping Yaupon Holly is a large, upright growing evergreen with pendulous branches. The plant produces bright red, transluscent fruit. It is terrific to use as a specimen plant....


Ilex X 'Emily Bruner'
Common Name: Holly, Emily Bruner

Emily Bruner Holly is a broad, dense, pyramidal holly with large, dark green leaves and large fruit that encircle the stems. The fruit turns red and persists through winter. This is a terrific holly for screening or using as a specimen or on corners ...


Ilex X 'Nellie Stevens'
Common Name: Holly, Nellie R Stevens

Nellie Stevens Holly is an upright, dense, pyramidal growing evergreen with deep green, spiny foliage. THe plant developes fruit which turns red in autumn and often times persists through much of the winter. This is a superior selection for screening...


Juniperus virginiana
Common Name: Cedar, Eastern Red

Eastern Red Cedar is an upright, pyramidal to broad spreading evergreen that is native to much of the eastern half of the United States. Eastern Red Cedar is a good choice for screens, windbreaks, and as a specimen....


Lagerstroemia indica 'Biloxi'
Common Name: Crape Myrtle, Biloxi

Biloxi Crepe Myrtle is an upright growing, small tree that is usually multistemmed. Biloxi Crepe Myrtle has pale pink panicle flowers from July to September and its foliage turns orange red in the fall and it also has attractive exfoliating bark whic...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Carolina Beauty'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Carolina Beauty

Carolina Beauty Crepe Myrtle is a small growing tree with dark red panicle flowers from July to September and the foliage turns orange in the fall. Carolina Beauty Crepe Myrtle has an attractive gray - brown bark as it matures. Carolina Beauty Crepe ...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Catawba'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Catawba

Catawba Crepe Myrtle is a large deciduous shrub with dark purple flowers that provide a good backdrop for the yellow stamens. Catawba Crepe Myrtle has a rounded habit but can be limbed up to create the look of a small tree. Catawba Crepe Myrtle is a ...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Miami'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Miami

Miami Crepe Myrtle is a small growing, multistemmed, deciduous tree that has large, dark pink, panicle flowers from June to September and foliage that turns reddish orange in autumn. Miami Crepe Myrtle is a good choice for use as a specimen, lining a...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Muskogee'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Muskogee

Muskogee Crepe Myrtle is one of the larger growing crepe myrtles. Muskogee is normally a multi stemmed tree with lavender pink flowers in the summer and foliage that turns red in autumn. The bark is gray to tan and adds to the winter interest of the ...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Natchez'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Natchez

Natchez Crepe Myrtle is a small growing, deciduous, multi-stemmed tree with a multitude of white flowers in the summer that are so numerous that they cause the branches of the tree to gracefully weep over. The foliage of the tree turns orangish red i...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Osage'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Osage

Osage Crepe Myrtle is a large growing shrub that can be pruned to create the look of a small growing tree. Osage Crape Myrtle is usually multi-stemmed with arching branches and clear light pink, panicle flowers through the summer. The foliage turns r...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Sioux'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Sioux

Sioux Crepe Myrtle is an upright, multistemmed, large shrub or small tree with deep pink flowers through out the summer and foliage that turns red in fall. The bark on the trunk and older branches exfoliates to reveal a light grayish brown color. Sou...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Tuscarora'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Tuscarora

Tuscarora Crepe Myrtle is a medium size grower that has 5 to 12 inch long and 4 to 8 inch wide, deep coral pink, panicle flowers and foliage that turns orangish red in autumn. Tuscarora Crepe Myrtle has attractive, mottled, light brown bark. Tuscaror...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Victor'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Victor

Victor Crepe Myrtle is a dwarf crepe myrtle that is a compact grower with dark red flowers in July and August and foliage that turns reddish yellow in autumn. Victor Crepe Myrtle is a good selection for foundation plantings, in a mixed border, or as ...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Whit III'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Pink Velour

Pink Velour® Crepe Myrtle is a medium size grower with deep pink flowers through the summer and new growth that is a deep red wine color that is most apparent in the spring. Pink Velour® Crepe Myrtle is a good selection for the mixed border, corners ...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Whit IV'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Red Rocket

Red Rocket® Crepe Myrtle is a small growing deciduous tree that gets large, cherry red, panicle flowers in the summer and the new growth is a deep crimson red. The red flowers may fleck white on cooler, cloudy days.
Red Rocket® Crepe Myrtle is a goo...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Whit VII'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Siren Red

Siren Red® Crepe Myrtle is a smaller growing crepe myrtle with deep red flowers in summer and wine colored new growth in the spring. Siren Red® Crepe Myrtle is an excellent choice for the mixed shrub border and could also be used as a deciduous hedge...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Whit I' 'Raspberry Sundae'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Raspberry Sundae

Rasberry Sundae® Crepe Myrtle is a medium size, upright to columnar grower with rasberry red flowers with white margins and bronze new growth. Rasberry Sundae® Crepe Myrtle is a good selection for tighter spots, as a specimen in the landscape, on bui...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Whit II' PP10296 'Dynamite'
Common Name: Crepe Myrtle, Dynamite

Dynamite Crepe Myrtle is one of the first true red tree form crepe myrtles available. Dynamite Crepe Myrtle has cherry red flowers that will fade or get white flecks on cooler cloudy days. Dynamite Crepe Myrtle is usually grown as a multi-stemmed tre...


Lagerstroemia indica 'Whit VI' PP14438 P2 'Burgundy Cotton'
Common Name: Crape Myrtle, Burgundy Cotton

Burgundy Cotton Crepe Myrtle is a very interesting cultivar due to the many color variations throughout the year. Burgundy Cotton Crepe Myrtle is a broad, upright grower with white flowers that have yellow stamens but, under cool conditions, the flow...


Liquidambar styraciflua
Common Name: American Sweetgum

American Seetgum is a native, large growing, deciduous tree with an oblong to rounded crown at maturity. American Sweetgum has 5 to 7 lobed, star shaped leaves that are lustrous green above and pale green underneath turning to a deep red to maroon in...


Liquidambar styraciflua 'Rotundaloba'
Common Name: Fruitless Sweetgum

Fruitless Sweetgum is a fruitless version of our native sweetgum. Fruitless Sweetgum seems to grow more narrow than the species but as tall. The leaves are lobed like the species but the lobes are rounded as opposed to pointed. As the name suggests, ...


Liriodendron tulipifera
Common Name: Tulip Poplar

Tulip Poplar is one of the taller growing native tree in our forests and woods. It is a very straight growing tree with a columanar habit. Tulip Poplar has flowers in the spring that are tulip shaped followed by large, emerald green leaves that are s...


Liriodendron tulipifera 'Fastigiatum'
Common Name: Upright Tulip Poplar

Upright Tulip Poplar is a narrow, upright form of our native Tulip Poplar. Upright Tulip Poplar is a good choice for use as a specimen in the home lawn or a park setting....


Magnolia grandiflora 'Alta (TIMG)'
Common Name: Magnolia, Alta

Alta Magnolia is a broadleaf evergreen tree with large, lustrous, dark green leaves that have rusty brown backs. Alta Magnolia is an upright, columnar form that is a good choice for use as a specimen in smaller areas. Alta Magnolia can also be used i...


Magnolia grandiflora 'Bracken's Brown Beauty'
Common Name: Magnolia, Bracken's Brown Beauty

Bracken's Brown Beauty is a broadleaf evergreen tree and is probably one of the best selections of Southern Magnolia. Bracken's Brown Beauty Magnolia is a dense, compact form with smaller, lustrous dark green leaves that have brown backs. Bracken's B...


Magnolia grandiflora 'Claudia Wannamaker'
Common Name: Magnolia, Claudia Wannamaker

Claudia Wannamaker Magnolia is a superior selection among the larger growing varieties with its dark green foliage with medium brown undersides and its vigorous broad pyramidal habit. Claudia Wannamaker is a good choice for use as a specimen where th...


Magnolia grandiflora 'D.D. Blanchard'
Common Name: Magnolia, D.D. Blanchard

D. D. Blanchard Magnolia is a large growing, broadleafed, evergreen tree with large, dark, lustrous green leaves that have rich brown undersides. D. D. Blanchard Magnolia flowers a large, ivory colored flower in the summer. D. D. Blanchard Magnolia i...


Magnolia grandiflora 'Little Gem'
Common Name: Magnolia, Little Gem

Little Gem Magnolia is the smallest growing of the commercially available southern magnolias. Little Gem Magnolia grows more like a large shrub than with a central leader. Little Gem has smaller leaves that are lustrous dark green with bronze backs a...


Magnolia grandiflora 'Southern Charm'
Common Name: Magnolia, Teddy Bear®

Teddy Bear® Magnolia is an upright, dense grower that requires little pruning to obtain good branching. Teddy Bear® Magnolia has lustrous green leaves with reddish brown backs. Teddy Bear® begins floweering in May and flowers until November and is a ...


Magnolia soulangiana 'Ann'
Common Name: Magnolia, Ann

Magnolia soulangiana 'Tulip'
Common Name: Magnolia, Tulip

Magnolia virginiana
Common Name: Magnolia, Sweet Bay/Virginia

Myrica cerifera
Common Name: Wax Myrtle

Nyssa sylvatica
Common Name: Black Gum

Pinus palustris
Common Name: Pine, Longleaf

Pinus taeda
Common Name: Pine, Loblolly

Pinus thunbergii 'Japanese Black'
Common Name: Pine, Japanese Black

Pinus virginiana
Common Name: Pine, Virginia

Pistacia chinensis
Common Name: Chinese Pistache

Platanus occidentalis
Common Name: Sycamore

Platanus X aceriofolia
Common Name: London Planetree

Prunus cerasifera 'Krauter Vesuvius'
Common Name: KV Plum

Prunus mume 'Peggy Clarke'
Common Name: Flowering Apricot, Peggy Clarke

Prunus serrulata 'Kwanzan'
Common Name: Cherry, Kwanzan -

Prunus serrulata 'Snow Goose'
Common Name: Cherry, Snow Goose

Prunus subhirtella
Common Name: Cherry, Weeping Pink

Prunus subhirtella 'Snow Fountain'
Common Name: Cherry, Weeping Snow Fountains

Prunus X incamp 'Okame'
Common Name: Cherry, Okame

Prunus X yedoensis 'Yoshino'
Common Name: Cherry, Yoshino

Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford'
Common Name: Pear, Bradford

Pyrus calleryana 'Cleveland Select'
Common Name: Pear, Cleveland Select

Quercus accutissima
Common Name: Oak, Sawtooth

Quercus bicolor
Common Name: Oak, Swamp White

Quercus lyrata 'Overcup'
Common Name: Oak, Overcup

Quercus nuttallii
Common Name: Oak, Nuttall

Quercus palustrus
Common Name: Oak, Pin

Quercus phellos
Common Name: Oak, Willow

Quercus shumardii
Common Name: Oak, Shumard

Quercus virginiana
Common Name: Oak, Live

Styrax japonicus
Common Name: Japanese Snowbell

Japanese Snowbell is a small growing deciduous tree with fragrant, white, bell-shaped flowers in late spring to early summer. The bark is smooth, with orange-brown interlacing fissures....


Taxodium distichum
Common Name: Bald Cypress

Bald Cypress is a deciduous tree that grows well in wet areas, but will tolerate dry and well drained soils as well. The trunk is attractive with fibrous bark, and a unique shape....


Taxodium distichum 'Cascade Falls'
Common Name: Baldcypress, Cascade Falls

Cascade Falls is a weeping Baldcypress with a slow growth rate. This small tree adds a unique accent to any. lanscape...


Thuja plicata 'Green Giant'
Common Name: Arborvitae, Green Giant

Arborvitae, Green Giant is a rapidly growing, evergreen. It is most often used in a screen planting.
Foliage turns a bronze color in winter, turning back to lustrous green spring - early fall....


Trachycarpus fortunei
Common Name: Windmill Palm

Windmill Palm is upright,slow growing, and has 3 foot wide fan-shaped fronds. The trunk has the appearance that is it wrapped in burlap. It is often used as an accent plant in the landscape....


Ulmus parvifolia
Common Name: Elm, Chinese

Elm, Chinese is a fast growing deciduous tree. It is has a rounded canopy, showy exfoliating bark, and yellow-orange-red fall color....


Ulmus parvifolia 'Allee'
Common Name: Elm, Allee

Elm, Allee is a deciduous tree with a vase shaped, arching branch habit. It has beautiful exfoliating bark. Fall color is orange-rust....


Ulmus parvifolia 'Bosque'
Common Name: Elm, Bosque

Elm, Bosque is a fast growing deciduous tree with a pyrmidal growth habit. It has exfoliating bark, with a yellow-orange-red fall color....


Ulmus parvifolia 'Frontier'
Common Name: Elm, Frontier

Elm, Frontier is a deciduous, tree with a vase shaped growth habit, and exfoliating bark. Growth rate is slower than other Elm varieties. It has a beautiful burgundy fall color....


Ulmus parvifollia 'Athena'
Common Name: Elm, Athena

Elm, Athena is broadly rounded deciduous tree with exfoliating bark. It has a dense, compact growth habit with dark green foliage turning to yellow in the fall....


Vitex agnus-castus 'Shoal Creek'
Common Name: Shoal Creek Vitex

Vitex, Shoal Creek is a small growing, deciduous tree that has 12"-18" long blue-violet, fragrant flowers in summer. Foliage is gray-green. Shoal Creek is great for use as an accent plant, and to attract butterflies....


Zelkova serrata 'Green Vase'
Common Name: Zelkova, Green Vase

Zelkova, Green Vase is a deciduous tree with upright arching branches. It is often used as a street tree
due to it's tolerance to polution and upright branching habit. Zelkova, Green Vase grows slightly taller and narrower than Zelkova, Village Gre...


Zelkova serrata 'Green Veil'
Common Name: Zelkova, Green Veil

Green veil Zelkova is an upright, narrow growing tree with arching shoots which gives the tree a pendulous effect. It does not grow as fast as the species and would be good used as a specimen in smaller spaces....